Education in India Essay Example for Free

information in India EssayTakshasila was the earliest recorded totality of higher learning in India from at least 5th century BCE and it is disputable whether it could be regarded a university or non. The Nalanda University was the oldest university- dodge of reproduction in the world in the modern sense of university. 2 Western teaching became ingrained into Indian society with the substantiation of the British Raj. Overall System development in India is appropriated by the public sector as well as the head-to-head sector, with control and funding attack from iii takes exchange, conjure, and local. pedagogy in India falls under the control of both(prenominal) the Union establishment and the accede presidential legal injury, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the presents having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for direction as a fundamental right. Most universities in India ar controlled by the Union or the pronounce disposal. The national insurance on Education (NPE) is a policy formulated by the Government of India to promote nurture amongst Indias people.The policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India. The first NEP was promulgated in 1968 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986. It emphasizes three aspects in relation to elementary education * comprehensive bother and enrolment, * universal retention of children up to 14 eld of age, and * a substantial improvement in the quality of education to enable all children to achieve * Revival of Sanskrit and other classical languages for contemporary use.Today education strategy in India can be divided into m some(prenominal) stages. * Pre- Primary It consists of children of 3-5 years of age examine in nursery, lower kindergarten and upper kindergarten. At this stage student is practicen knowledge astir(predicate) s hallow life and is taught to read and write some basic words. * Primary It holds the age group of children of 6-11 years studying in classes from first to fifth. * Middle It consists of children studying in classes from sixth to eighth. * supplemental it includes students studying in classes ninth and tenth.* Higher secondhand Includes students studying in eleventh and twelfth classes. * Undergraduate Here, a student goes through higher education, which is gross(a)d in college. This course may vary according to the subject pursued by the student. For medical student this stage is of four-spot and a half years plus one year of compulsory internship, while a simple graduate degree can be deliver the goods in three years. * Postgraduate After completing graduation a student may opt for post graduation to further add to his qualifications. 10+2+3 pattern .* The central and to the highest degree state boards uniformly follows the 10+2+3 pattern of education. 113 In this patt ern, 10 years of aboriginal and secondary education is followed by 2 years of higher secondary (usually in schools having the higher secondary facility, or in colleges),1144 and because 3 years of college education for bachelors degree. 12 Distant Education * National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi is one of the mega open universities in the world and caters to around 1 one thousand thousand students around the world. Vocational Education.Vocational Education at Certificate level are offered by 1500 vocational institutions in the country in the areas of agriculture, business, transaction, health and para-medical, stem science and humanities in addition to engineering trades. Primary Education in India The World Education Forum, held in 2000 set an ambitious goal universal primary education by the year 2015. Schooling all children until they reach young adulthood is recognized as important because it leads to many substantial substantiative effects better family health, lowe r birth rate, higher productivity, higher earnings, and improved economics of the country as a whole.Globally, however, more than 115 jillion children of primary school age do non attend school. The Indian government lays wildness on primary education up to the age of fourteen years, referred to as elementary education in India. 14 The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not innovate unsafe working conditions. Further, education has been make free14 for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to informal and Compulsory Education Act 2009.18 Current status of primary education in IndiaAbout 20% of Indian children between the ages of six and 14 are not enrolled in school. Even among enrolled children, attendance rates are low and 26% of pupils enrolled in primary school drop out before Grade 5. The federal agency is worse in certain sectors of the population Despite a vibrant emerging e conomy and a string of excellent colleges that produce high eager professionals, India has not made the grade yet on primary education. Hurdles in primary education (double it as general problems as well) Shortage of resources and need of political leave.High pupil to teacher ratios,(shortage of teachers one teacher schools) Shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. (toilet for girls etc. ) The National Curriculum Framework for instructor Education of 2009 recommended longer preparation for teachers, besides the B. Ed curriculum structure continued to be for a single year. There is also a omit of enough skilled trainers and preparation to develop skills, abilities and attitudes to teach students. Poverty and illiteracy of the parent Gender Issues(girls cannot study).Social Issues like caste system (some castes are not allowed) Several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. (primary education) The District Education Revitalization computer pro gram (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. 19 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states. 19 The DERP, which had opened 160000 young schools including 84000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3.5 million children, was also alivenessed by UNICEF and other international curriculums. 19 . 19 Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this final cause. 19 The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality HERE first Write to improve all the above negative issues. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)/Right to Education (RTE).Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Education for All Moveme nt) is a programme by the Government of India aimed at the universalization of elementary education in a time bound manner, as mandated by the 86th amendment to the Constitution of India making free education to children aged 614 (estimated to be 205 million in number in 2001) a fundamental right. The programme was pioneered by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. SSA is being implemented in partnership with State Governments to cover the entire country and address the needs of 192 million children in 1. 1 million habitations. In FY 2009-10,60% of SSA funds came from GOI. This has now been revised to 65%.The programme is looking to open new schools in those habitations without schooling facilities and to strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water, concern grant and school improvement grants. SSA is now the primary vehicle for implementing the Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE). National Programme for Education of Gi rls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL) The National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL), is a focused intervention of Government of India, to reach the Hardest to Reach girls, oddly those not in school.Launched in July 2003, it is an important component of SSA, which provides additional support for enhancing girls education over and above the investments for girls education through normal SSA interventions. The programme provides for development of a model school in every cluster with more intense community mobilization and control of girls enrolment in schools. Gender sensitization of teachers, development of gender-sensitive learning materials, and provision of need-based incentives like escorts, stationery, workbooks and uniforms are some of the endeavors under the programme.The future of primary education in India The importance of universal primary education has now been widely recognized by everyone involved. Policies and pledges are escaped to make but implementation can be difficult and goals hard to achieve, especially in a vast and populous country such as India. International agencies, the government of India, and the numerous NGOs will overhear to work together with will, wisdom and tremendous energy to make their desire for universal primary education by 2015 a reality in India. Secondary education.For several decades, it has been argued in the literature that secondary education needs to be expanded both as a response to increased social strike and as a feeder cadre for higher education, giving little emphasis to its other important functions. It is also argued that investment in secondary education yields considerable social and economic returns, making it crucial for national development India is following a service-led emersion model and striving hard to survive the worldwide competition, in these conditions it is being increasingly recognised that secondary education, is the most critical segment of the education ch ain.Apart from the bottom-up pressure (i. e. arising from the growth of primary schooling) and the top-down pressure (as the source of potential intakes for higher education) for its expansion, there is a need to pay greater attention to secondary education as it caters to the needs of the most important segment of the population adolescents and youth, the source of the future human and social capital of a nation. Secondary education covers children 1418 which covers 88.5 million children according to the Census, 2001. Features * A significant throw of Indias secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society. * Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training. * Another feature of Indias secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students meet skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing.27 * A significant new feature has been the extensi on of SSA to secondary education in the form of the Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan28 Integrated Education for disenable Children (IEDC) programme was started in 1974 with a focus on primary education. 7 but which was converted into Inclusive Education at Secondary Stage29 The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 for the employees of the central government of India to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employees family has been transferred.7 Policy Initiatives in secondary education After independence, the first step towards improving policy planning for development of secondary education was the setting up of the Secondary Education Commission in 1952(also known as the Mudaliar Commission). The primary objective of the Commission was todiagnose the growth pattern and suggest measures for reorganisation and improvement ofsecondary education. The commissions major recommendatio n was to develop a 3-yearnational system of secondary education after 8-years of elementary education (8 + 3 systemof school education) to make it a complete stage.The commission also recommended thereconstruction of the syllabus to provide a wider and more balanced course and adopt mother tongue as the medium of instruction (Kabir, 1955). most one-and-a-half decades after the Mudaliar Commission, the Kothari Commission(1964-66), while articulating goals and objectives at all stages of education in the context ofnational development priorities, recommended for a 4-year secondary education system anddiscontinuing the practice of streaming up to Grade X.It may be noted that, ten years afterthe commission submitted its report education was placed in the Concurrent List States and the centre prudent for its development. This changed the policy context fordevelopment of secondary education.The National Policy on Education (NPE), of 1986 subsequently reiterated the views of the Educatio n Commission to implement a 4-year secondary education system across the states and UTs. 23 The NPE emphasised improving equitable entranceway to secondary education and the enrolment of girls, SCs and STs, particularly in science, commerce and vocational streams (Para 5.13 of the NPE, 1986). The NPE and the Programme of Action (POA), 1992 while recognising secondary education as a critical instrument for social change, called for its planned expansion. The NPE, (as modified in 1992) specifically laid emphasis again on increasing access to secondary education with particular focus on participation of girls, SCs and STs increased autonomy of notices ofSecondary Education to enhance their competency to improve quality introduction of ICT inschool curriculum for coping with globalisation renewed emphasis on work ethos and valuesof a humane andcomposite culture in the curriculaAnd vocationalisation through specialisedinstitutions or through the refashioning of secondary education to meet the manpower requirements of the growing Indian economy Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) This scheme was launched in March, 2009 with the objective to enhance access to secondary education and to improve its quality. The implementation of the scheme started from 2009-10. It is envisaged to achieve an enrolment rate of 75% from 52.26% in 2005-06 at secondary stage inside 5 years of implementation of the scheme by providing a secondary school within a reasonable distance of any habitation. The other objectives include improving quality of education imparted at secondary level through making all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms, removing gender, socio-economic and disability barriers, providing universal access to secondary level education by 2017, i. e. , by the end of 12th Five Year Plan and achieving universal retention by 2020.Inclusive Education for the Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) The Scheme of Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) has been launched from the year 2009-10. This Scheme replaces the earlier scheme of Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) and would provide assistance for the inclusive education of the disabled children in classes IX-XIITo enable all students with disabilities, after completing eight years of elementary schooling, to pursue further four years of secondary schooling in an inclusive and enabling environment.Higher education Indias higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States. 32 The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission (India), which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the state. 33 Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. 34 In India, education system is reformed.In future, India will be one of the largest education hub. After passing th e Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general degree programmes such as bachelors degreein arts, commerce or science, or professional degree programmes such as engineering, law or medicine. 31 As of 2009, India has 20 central universities, 215 state universities, 100 deemed universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the State Act, and 33 institutes which are of national importance.33 Other institutions include 16,000 colleges, including 1,800 exclusive womens colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions. 33 The emphasis in the tertiary level of education lies on science and technology. 35 Indian educational institutions by 2004 consisted of a large number of technology institutes. 36 Distance learning is also a feature of the Indian higher education system. 36 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), affirm been globally acclaimed for their standard of undergraduate education in engineering.36 The IIT s enroll about 10,000 students annually and the alumni have contributed to both the growth of the private sector and the public sectors of India. 37 Several other institutes of fundamental look into such as the Indian Association for the Cultivation of perception (IACS), Indian Institute of Science IISC), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Harishchandra Research Institute (HRI), are acclaimed for their standard of research in basic sciences and mathematics. Government programs on Education Rashtriya Uchattar Shiksha Abhiyan.The Rashtriya Uchattar Shiksha Abhiyan is a centrally sponsored flagship umbrella scheme aimed at providing strategic funding to State higher and technical institutions. States will develop comprehensive state higher education plans that utilize an interconnected strategy to address issues of expansion, equity and excellence together. Central funding will be linked to academic, administrative and pecuniary reforms of state higher education. The Ras htriya Uchattar Shiksha Abhiyan proposes to put a ceiling of maximum number of colleges to be affiliated to any university at two hundred .17 Higher Education and Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) With the objectives and proposals of the Plan as the basis, the report mentions that the private sector has played an instrumental role in the growth of the sector. hush-hush institutions now compute for 64% of the total number of institutions and 59% of enrollment in the country, as compared to 43% and 33%, respectively, a decade ago. The Government has also given the demand thrust to the sector in its Five Year Plans. During the Eleventh Plan period (20072012), India achieved a Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) of 17.9%, up from 12. 3% at the beginning of the Plan period. Indias higher education system faces challenges on three fronts ExpansionIndias GER of16% was much below the world intermediate of 27%, as well as that of other emerging countries such as China (26%) and Brazil (36%) in 2010. Ex cellenceFaculty shortage there is 40% and 35% shortage of faculty in state and central universities, respectively. Accredited institutions 62% of universities and 90% of colleges were average or below average in 2010, on the basis of their NAAC accreditation.Low citation impact Indias relative citation impact is half the world average. Equity There is wide contrast in the GER of higher education across states and the Gross Attendance Ratio (GAR) in urban and rural areas, and gender- and community-wise Drawbacks of Indian Higher Education System * withal top rated universities which provide highly competitive world class education to their pupils, India is also home to many universities which have been founded with the sole objective of making easy money.* Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have been trying very hard to extirpate the menace of private universities which are running courses without any affiliation or recognition. Indian Government has failed to check on t hese education shops, which are run by big businessmen politicians. * Many private colleges and universities do not gratify the required criterion by the Government and central bodies (UGC, AICTE, MCI, BCI etc. ) and take students for a ride.* Quality assurance mechanism has failed to stop misrepresentations and malpractices in higher education. At the same time regulatory bodies have been accused of corruption, specifically in the character of deemed-universities. 39 Road Ahead in Higher Education * Merit-based student financial backing This should ensure admissions to meritorious students independent of financial background * Internationalization of education This would entail aligning different aspects of education (curriculum, faculty, etc) to international standards * Enabling a research environment.This would involve creating adequate means of research funding and practical application of research * High quality faculty The need of the hour is to create a conducive environ ment and provide incentives to attract and retain high quality faculty.* Improved technology for education delivery Leveraging technology for enhancing the teaching-learning experience will ensure better out cuts * Employability Making education-industry relevant and practical would be the right way to ensure a highly employable talent pool Indias higher education system can be expected to be better aligned to industry and global practices, and be more transparent and inclusive by the end of Twelfth Plan period, provided the Government is able to create an enabling regulatory environment and put in place robust implementation, monitor and quality assurance mechanisms.* Legislative support. single of the most talked about bill is Foreign Universities Bill, which is supposed to facilitate entry of foreign universities to establish campuses in India. * sequestered Sector-The private sector can be expected to play an instrumental role in the achievement of these outcomes through the c reation of knowledge networks, research and intention centers, corporate-backed institutions, and support for faculty development. Saakshar Bharat (Saakshar Bharat)/Adult Education.The Prime Minister of India launched Saakshar Bharat, a centrally sponsored scheme of Department of School Education and Literacy (DSEL), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India (GOI), on the International Literacy Day, 8th September, 2009. It aims to further promote and strengthen Adult Education, specially of women, Education Governing Bodies he Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)This is the main governing body of education system in India. It has control over the central education system. It conducts exam and looks after the functioning of schools accredited to central education system. * The Council of Indian School Certificate Examination (CISCE) It is a board for Anglo Indian Studies in India. It conducts two examinations Indian Certificate of Secondary Education and Indian School Certificate.Indian Certificate of secondary education is a k-10 examination for those Indian students who have just completed class 10th and Indian school certificate is a k-12 public examination conducted for those studying in class 12th. * The State Government Boards Apart from CBSE and CISCE each state in India has its own State Board of education, which looks after the educational issues. * The National Open School It is also known as National Institute of Open Schooling. It was established by the Government Of India in 1989. It is a ray of hope for those students who cannot attend formal schools. * The International School It controls the schools, which are accredited to curriculum of international standard. * Classification of Colleges.Colleges in India come under four different categories. This categorization is done on the basis of the kind of courses offered by them (professional/ vocational) / their ownership status( Private/ Government) or their relation ship with the university (affiliated/university owned). University Colleges These colleges are managed by the university itself and situated mostly in the university campus. Government Colleges The government colleges are few, only about 15-20 percent of the total. They are managed by state governments. As in case of other colleges, the university to which these colleges are affiliated, conducts their examination, lays down the courses of studies and awards the degrees.Professional Colleges The professional colleges are mostly in the disciplines of medicine, engineering and management. There are few for other disciplines too. They are sponsored and managed both by the government or by private initiative. Privately Managed colleges About 70% of the colleges are founded by the privately owned trusts or societies. But these institutes are also governed by the rules and regulations of the university they are affiliated to. Though initially started up as a private initiative, the state government also funds these college Private Education What is it? What is the need for it ? What are benefits? What are problems with it?What can be done to streamline it? India saw the largest increase in literacy rate in the decadeof 19912001 from about 52 per cent to 65 per cent. From 2001 to 2011, the literacy rate increased by 9 per cent to 74 per cent (Planning Commission 2011). The 13 per cent increase in 19912001 has been the largest for any 10-year period in the history of the country. Private investments and the emergence of compute private schools was the main cause for this. As parents began to earn more in the post-reform era, they began to invest in their children. As better employment opportunities arose, the value of education became more apparent to parents.This increased demand for education was met by a rapid expansion of budget private schools The biggest success story of literacy in India has been written withprivate initiative parents willingness to pay and the edupreneur innovation of an aff ordable school. In post-liberalisation India, the importance of the private sector in economic growth is well understood and appreciated.For economic growth, the states role is primarily to enable the private sector as a facilitator, prudent regulator, impartial enforcer of contracts, and at times as a financier Incentives for efficiency are also weak. Government employees have little incentive to minimise costs, fi nd and repair mistakes, innovate, and acquire necessary information about resources and consumer demand. The high teacher absenteeism in government schools is just one indicator of poor incentives. .High prices in terms of tuition fees, donations andlong queues for admissions are signs of the shortage of quality educational institutions. The same paucity of supply existed for consumer goods before the 1991 liberalisation. The license-permit-quota raj still exists in our education system. Schools and colleges need to be made noticeab le not to education bureaucrats (licensors) but to parents and students (customers). The government policy should be to increase choice and competition in education as it has been done in many areas of the economy facilitate, not control.The core competency of the private and public sectors should be combined. The private sector should be allowed to produce education manage schools and colleges and provide it to all who can aff ord to pay.For those who cannot aff ord to pay, the government should finance their education through scholarships, education vouchers and loans. Instead of focusing on the inputs to education, the government ensures the output meaningful, high quality learning. This antenna combines the efficiency and accountability of the private sector with the equity and independent supervision of the public sector. .Governments and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) should evaluate schools and colleges and publish the results so that parents can make informed dec isions. One key goal of global reformers is to increase the accountability of schools towards parents restructure the system so that schools are at least as much accountable to parents as they are to the education offi cials.There are many ways to achieve this goal put parents on school boards or district education councils, give powers to parent-teacher associations, create something like our village education committees . One new idea in this bucket is that of school vouchers. Several countries have undertaken pilot projects. The voucher is a tool to change the way governments finance education, particularly of the poor. It is a coupon off ered by the government that covers full or partial cost of education at the school of the students choice. The schools collect vouchers from the students, deposit them in their bank accounts and the banks then credit the school accounts with equivalent money while debiting the account of the government.Section 12 of the RTE requires private una ided schools to reserve 25 per cent seats in the entry-level class (nursery or Class I) for socially disadvantaged and economically weaker sections. The government would provide private schools with reimbursements equal to their fees or the per student cost in government schools, whichever is lower. EDUCATION REFORM Just as in economic reforms, the list of education reform ideas could be quite long. This paper suggests that two principles should be the focus of reforms in the education ecosystem effi cient use of public funds and the promotion of equity and quality through choice and competition. Achieve Efficient Use of Public Funds.(a) Fund students, not schools (school vouchers, charter schools, conditional cash transfers) (b) Convert state funding to per student basis and link it to performance (d) Give poorly performing state schools to private parties on learning outcome contracts (e) Hire teachers at the school level, not at the state level Promote Equity and Quality throug h Choice and Competition (i) Apply the same standards to both private as well as government schools (ii) Annual independent learning outcome assessment across all schools (iii) Decentralise and depoliticise syllabi and textbooks (iv) Open Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and state board exams to all students, not only for students who study in CBSE or state board affiliated schools.

Child Labour Essay Example for Free

Child lug EssayConsiderable differences endure amid the many large-mindeds of work baby birdren do. Some atomic number 18 difficult and demanding, others argon more hazardous and even virtuously reprehensible. Children carry out a very wide range of tasks and activities when they work.Not all work done by pincerren should be classified as boor confinement that is to be targeted for elimination. Childrens or adolescents participation in work that does not affect their health and ain development or interfere with their shallowing, is generally regarded as being something positive. This includes activities such as helping their p bents around the home, assisting in a family business or earning dismissal money outside school hours and during school holidays. These kinds of activities contri scarcee to childrens development and to the welf are of their families they provide them with skills and experience, and help to prepare them to be productive members of society d uring their large(p) life. The term child labour is often delimitate as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to carnal and mental development. It refers to work thatis mentally, physically, societally or morally dangerous and harmful to children andinterferes with their schooling bydepriving them of the opportunity to attend schoolobliging them to leave school prematurely orrequiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.In its approximately extreme forms, child labour involves children being enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or go forth to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities often at a very early age. Whether or not particular forms of work deal be called child labour depends on the childs age, the type and hours of work performed, the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives pursued by individual countries. The answer varies from country to country, as hearty as among sectors within countries.The worst forms of child labourWhilst child labour takes many different forms, a priority is to eliminate without delay the worst forms of child labour as defined by Article 3 of ILO Convention No. 182 (a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, debt slavery and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for habit in armed conflict (b) the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances (c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant inter field treaties (d) work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children. Labour that jeopardises the physical, mental or moral well-being of a child, either because of its nature or because of the conditions in which it is carried out, is known as hazardous work. Action against child labourIPEC has worked to achieve this in several ways through country-based programmes which arouse policy reform, build institutional capacity and put in family cover measures to end child labour and through awareness raising and mobilization intended to change genial attitudes and promote ratification and effective implementation of ILO child labour Conventions. These efforts have resulted in hundreds of thousands of children being withdrawn from work and rehabilitated or prevented from entering the workforce. Complementary to this direct action throughout has been substantial in-depth statistical and qualitative research, policy and legal analysis, programme evaluation and child labour monitoring, which have permitted the accumulation of vast knowledge ba se of statistical data and methodologies, thematic studies, practiced practices, guidelines and training materials.Corporate companionable Responsibility (CSR)Companies are increasingly chargeed with child labour in their supply chains. They view it as inconsistent with gild values, and a threat to their image and index to recruit and retain top employees, as well as to the sustainability of their supply chain. And at that place often is cause for concern many child labourers work as part of supply chains. They are involved in the production of cash crops and manufactured goods that are exported directly, as well as in the production of goods that serve as inputs into final products final assembly or finishing of these products often takes place in the importing countries. They are also involved in domestic supply chains.Despite the challenges of tackling child labour in supply chains that are often long and complex, lead companies have used social conference, international l abour standards, a collective approach, and a commitment to addressing the root causes of child labour to effectively address the problem. IPEC has a long history of facilitating and supporting these efforts. The 2016 Roadmap for Eliminating the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016, adopted at the Hague Child Labour Conference in May 2010, calls for limited efforts to do to tackle child labour in supply chains, in recognition of the vital role that enterprises must play to reach the 2016 goal.Social dialogueThe main goal of social dialogue is to promote consensus building and democratic involvement among the main stakeholders in the world of work. Labour law, industrial relations and social dialogue are at the core of ILO member States economic and social organization. Since its foundation, social dialogue is a transversal hub of the ILOs action and a natural mandate. The Declaration concerning the aims and purposes of the International Labour Organisation grounds that the effect ive recognition of the right of collective bargaining, the cooperation of management and labour in the continuous improvement of productive efficiency, and the collaboration of workers and employers in the preparation and application of social and economic measures Sound industrial relations and effective social dialogue are a means to promote better wages and working conditions as well as peace and social justice.As instruments of good governance they foster cooperation and economic performance, advance social and industrial peace through negotiated solutions to important economic and social challenges and boost stability and economic progress, thus helping to create an enabling environment for the realisation of the objective of Decent Work. The ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization-0 (2009) to put the emphasis on that social dialogue and the practice of tripartism between governments and the representative organizations of workers and employers within and a cross borders are now more relevant to achieving solutions and to building up social cohesion and the rule of law through, among other means, international labour standards. The Global Jobs Pact adopted by the International Labour Conference of 2010 states for its part, that Social dialogue is an invaluable mechanism for the design of policies to fit national priorities.Furthermore, it is a strong basis for building the commitment of employers and workers to the joint action with governments needed to overcome the crisis and for a sustainable recovery. Success richly concluded, it inspires confidence in the results achieved. Social dialogue as defined by the ILO includes all types of negotiation, consultation or exchange of information between, or among, representatives of governments, employers and workers, on issues relating to economic and social policy, including child labour, and to damage and conditions of work and interlocking.It can exist as a tripartite process with the go vernment as an official party to the dialogue, for example in the development of macrocosm policy including national action plans on child labour or lists of hazardous work. Or it may consist of bipartite relations between look at unions and management (or trade union organisations and employers organisations), Dialogue can be informal or institutionalized and often it is a combination of the two. It can take place at the global, regional, national, sectoral, enterprise or workplace level. The enabling conditions of social dialogueIn order for social dialogue to take place, the following must existstrong, independent workers and employers organizations with the technical capacity and the access to relevant information to participate in social dialoguepolitical ordain and commitment to engage in social dialogue on the part of all the partiesrespect for the fundamental rights of freedom of association andcollective bargaining andappropriate institutional support.The role of the st ateFor social dialogue to contribute to the elimination of child labour, the State cannot be passive even when it concerns bipartite relations between employers and trade unions. It is responsible for creating a stable political and civil climate which enables autonomous employers and workers organizations to operate freely, without interference or fear of reprisal. Even when the dominant relationships are formally bipartite, the State has a role in providing essential support for the process through the establishment of the legal, institutional and other frameworks which enable the parties to effectively engage in the promotion of graceful work and the elimination of child labour.THE UTILITARIAN VIEWJeremy Bentham would have supported child labor laws based upon his utilitarian philosophy. The central idea is that people should abide so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Child labor produces a very small amount of happiness for the family of t he children involved, but causes carryable suffering as well and prevents the children from obtaining educations or fully enjoying their childhoods. It also creates a class of disenfranchised ignorant citizens with short life expectancies and who are of very little good to society. There is nothing about child labor that could be supported by a utilitarian philosopher.But the argument wouldnt be based on the evil of child labor. Thats a religious concept of morality that is quite different than the pleasure principle on which utilitarianism relies. Many things can bring happiness in the sense Bentham and J.S. Mill intended this notion to be understood. Pleasure is one source, but so is the satisfaction which derives from work, from sharing with others, from having a family, from community service, etc..The main criticism of utilitarianism is that it substitutes an hedonic/aesthetic standard of behavior for an ethical/prudential standard. It defines what is good, the moral concept, in terms of what brings happiness, an hedonic/aesthetic concept. Those who are addicted to notions like good and evil and sin, most of whom are religious folks, dont find any validity to Benthams viewsespecially since they are quite obviously man made rules of conduct and not revealed words of god.Child LabourAccording to utilitarian supposition child labour is morally worn in that it does not skilful to everyone, the children suffer and in some cases they are not paid, further these children should be attending school or performing school related duties other than working, there is a need to educate and train these children in order to prepare them for the job market and employing them before they complete their education will mean that this is violating their rights. Children are normally not aware of their rights and are forced to undertake hard work.Employers prefer to employ children because they provide cheap labour and also they are blowsy to control, children are also see n to be more obedient than adults, they therefor employe the children for the purpose of cutting down costs and also because children are easy to control because adults are related with initiatives which include protests and formation of trade unions.The utilitarian theory which states that morally right actions are those whose outcome maximises benefits to the persons performing them supports child labour in exploitation countries, this is because the children achieve financial dependence from their parents and also have a chance to earn money to achieve what they like. Support child labour in the growing countries where child benefit and also the parents whose financial burden is reduced, in developed countries where children work to support their family it is morally right to engage children in such employment opportunities but it must be noted that child labour should not violate their rights to education.The concern stems from children being separated from their families, exp osed to serious hazards and illness or even left to feed for themselves- often at a very early age.Utilitarianism based upon maximising good or pleasure and minimising bad and pain. Unlike, self-assertion that centres on a person excessive or exaggerated sense of self-interst.Prepare a balance sheet weighting the pros and cons.Child labour should be stopped on the basis, the tasks children are involved in are difficult and demanding, others are hazedous and morally reprehensible.The emotional pain kids go through easily exceed the advantage of using such a force.Solutions Reducing, rising poverty, through broad-based economic and social development, automatically replacing child workers with their parents, increasing familys income, as parents are more highly paid. The social welfare of children can also be lined to the social and economic position of women. As womens income improves, so does the situation of her children. Women whom invest in their children, food, water, clothin g and schooling, can immediately combat child labour. The rehabilitation of child labourers with household benefits and essential services. In providing families, whose parents and guidance work for the organisation with shelter, food and health care, households are more likely to send their children to school.Deontological theoriesReferring to theories of duty, stating that when making decisions about actions one has to consider the duties and the rights of the others.According to the theory the involvement of children at work is wrong, one because it endangers the children twain physically and mentally. Children are supposed to go to school and receive necessary training in order to prepare them to become employees.Child labour fit in to the Deontological theories violates the natural law of nature, this is because children are yet to be adults where the children are issue and do not know their rights, involving them at work places will results into the violation of their righ ts because most employers tend to exploit them by forcing them to undertake hard work and even not pay them, they further know that children are easy to control than adults and that children will obey, the adults workers know their rights and will not be exploited and they will organise demonstration and even form trade unions that fight for their rights.Virtue ethic theoryChild labour is wrong because in most countries law have been set that children should not work and therefor anyone employeing or letting their children work is violating these laws.precept for childrenThe legislator of a regime/community must make the education of the young his objective above all. Since there is a single end for the city as a whole, it is evident that education must necessarily be one and the same for all, and that the superintendence of it should be common and not on private basis. The magnificence of a common education shaping each citizen so as to enable him to serve the common good of the c ity. one ought not even consider that a citizen belong to himself, but rather that all belong to the city, for each individual is part of the city.Aristotles includes physical education, reading and writing, drawing and music as subjects which the young potential citizens must learn. The aim of this education is not productive or theoretical knowledge. Instead it is meant to teach the young potential citizens the practical knowledge the kind of knowledge that each of them will need to fulfil his telos and perform his duties as a citizen.We must figure out how to live together through the use of reason and speech, discovering justice and creating laws that make it possible for human community to survive and for the individuals to live virtuous lives. Aristotles on slavery Aristotles has said that slavery serves the interest of both the master and the slave. If the work that comes from their bodies is the best that can come from them for he is a slave by nature who is capable of belo nging to another. They are incapable of fully governing their own lives, and require other people to tell them what to do. Such people should be set to labour by the people who have the ability to reason fully and order their own lives. Slaves get the guidance and instructions tht they must have to live, and in return they provide their master with the benefit of their physical labour.

Sexual Harassment Paper Essay Example for Free

Sexual Harassment Paper EssayDefine knowledgeable molestation as the term is used leg on the wholey.Unwelcome informal advances, requests for sexual favors, and separate verbal or physical solidifying of a sexual nature that tends to create a hostile or offensive work purlieu. (sexual bedevilment. (n.d.) Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. (2008). Sexual harassment comes in several different forms from words to touching to gestures something that is present from one somebody to a nonher person sexually that is non wanted by the opposite person. This normally makes one person feel uncomfortable in the workplace causing an employee to non feel comfortable at work which all employees get the right to feel comfortable and safe in the workplace. Explain how sexual harassment differs from gender discrimination. Sexual harassment is the shape of sexual advances from one person or group of people to a nonher person or group of people whereas gender discrimination is when a person is not afforded the same opportunities as another solely based on the gender male or female. Gender discrimination is unlawful and protected downstairs the Title septette of the cultivated Rights Act of 1964, It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer -(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge both individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any(prenominal) individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin or (Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 SEC. 2000e-2. Section 703) result the legal definition of quid pro quo (also known as vicarious liability) sexual harassment. Provide one example of a behavior which could be found to be quid pro quo sexual harassment. According to The U.S. touch on Employment Opportunity Commission, EEOCs Guidelines define two kinds of sexual harassment quid pro quo, in which submissi on to or rejection of unwelcome sexual conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual,( The U.S. commensurate Employment Opportunity Commission N-915.048 1/12/90)An example of this would be when a person sexually harassment another employee but the employee that isreceiving the sexual harassment does not do anything about it when they allow this to happen where as another employee would not allow and this employee is then promoted to a better position due to allowing the sexual harassment to go on this person was granted special rewards for allowing the sexual harassment or even acting on the sexual harassment to be promoted, this can also work the opposite way as well say the employee that was sexually harassed file a complaint confronts the person doing the sexual harassment then this person is not promoted or given a raise that is due based on them not allowing the sexual harassment to continue. Provide the legal definition of ho stile environment sexual harassment. Provide one example of a behavior which could be found to be hostile environment sexual harassment. The 2nd kind of sexual harassment defines by The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is hostile environment, in which unwelcome sexual conduct unreasonably interferes with an individuals job performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. ,( The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission N-915.048 1/12/90) In the hostile environment the person receiving the sexual harassment feels they essential allow this to continue and/or comply with the sexual requests all to keep the job they have and/or to continue to receive raises and promotions, even though the employee does not want to do this they have the feeling of pressure and fell they have no other options.List the factors which contribute to a determination of whether behavior is sexual harassment. 1.The victimized employee alleging sexual harassment mu st be a member of a protected classthat is, a man or a woman. 2.The complaint must be gender relatedfor example, a female must assert that at that place would have been no harassment if she were not a woman. 3.The employee must not have consented to the sexual advances or participated in the hostile work environment. 4.The harassment must be based on sex. 5.The conduct complained of must have had a deleterious effect on the employees job. 6.The harassment must have occurred during the domain of employment. (Moran 2011 pg 276.). The 1st factors is speaks to the person needs to be in a protected the class the protected classes ar man and woman. The 2nd factor needs to intend that gender played a factor had the person not been that gender then it would not of been sexual. The 3rd needs to show that the person receiving the harassment did not agree to the sexual harassment. The 4th needs to showthat the harassment is sexual in nature. The 5th needs to show that sexual harassment aff ected the assure job in some way. The 6th will need to show that sexual harassment took play while the insured was employed with the employer. Explain what situations are considered severe or pervasive and why these terms are authorised. severe adjective s-vir very bad, serious, or unpleasant causing a lot of physical pain or suffering very harsh (Severe. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com) pervasive adjective pr-v-siv, -ziv existing in every part of something spreading to all parts of something (Pervasive. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com)Some situations that are considered severe and pervasive are touching, joking, commenting, distribution of sexual materials, (Moran 2011) when the items are not warranted and it is asked to stop. Both of these terms are important together to make the determination if the situation meets the minimum to be determined as sexual harassment. Give the main legal reason why every company should have a valid written policy against sexual harassment (besides the fact it is the right thing to do.) The main legal reason is so that it is put rightly spelled out in black and white for all employees to see so that at no point can anyone ever say they were not aware of the policy or the rules that guide this policy. The employer needs to put all the steps clearly stated as it rest for the employer to make all attempts that this does not happen. Case AnalysisI have chosen case BURLINGTON INDUSTRIES, INC. v. ELLERTH to discuss here.The factsKimberly Ellerth was an employee at Burlington Industries where she was employed for 15 months as a salesperson. Ted Slowik was a mid-level manager oer Ellerth with authority to hire and promote with approval from high counselling. Ellerth alleges that Slowik subjected her to sexual harassment with repeated boorish and offensive remarks with remarks as threats towards less advancement. Ellerth had never reported any incidents prior to filing suit and did receive 1 promotion during her employment as Burlingto n.The issueThe issues are since it was never reported can Burlington be held liable for something they were not aware of and could Ellerth claim be categorized asquid pro quo harassment and should a claim he vicarious liability or negligence.The decisionIt was determined that Ellerth has only a hostile work environment claim as the threats from Slowik were never carried out. An employer is negligent, and therefore subject to liability under 219(2)(b), if it knew or should have known about sexual harassment and failed to stop it. Negligence sets a minimum standard for Title VII liability but Ellerth seeks to shake the more stringent standard of vicarious liability. Section 219(2)(d) makes an employer vicariously liable for sexual harassment by an employee who uses apparent authority (the apparent authority standard), or who was aided in accomplishing the tort by the existence of the agency relation (the aided in the agency relation standard). Given the Courts account that the labe ls quid pro quo and hostile work environment are not controlling for employer-liability purposes, Ellerth should have an adequate opportunity on remand to prove she has a claim which would result in vicarious liability. Although she has not alleged she suffered a tangible employment action at Slowiks hands, which would deprive Burlington of the positive defense, this is not dispositive. In light of the Courts decision, Burlington is still subject to vicarious liability for Slowiks activity, but should have an opportunity to assert and prove the affirmative defense. I agree or disagree with the courts decision because I agree with the courts decision due to Ellerth not coverage the incidents. I also agree since no actions were taken by Slowik on the threats made but since I Slowik was n a position of management over others Burlinton does have some responsibility for placing this person in a position of authority.AppendixA good sexual harassment policy will allow the following sect ions, and I have also explained why those sections should be included.A good sexual harassment policy should include the following Statement that shows the employer is difficult to combat and prevent sexual harassment from happing in the work place. An explanation of sexual harassment, outline some issues, use explanations, try to paint a clear picture what is wrong.Outline the Employers Responsibilities under This Policy make it clear what the employer will due when this brought up including termination. Outline the steps/process to include mediation, grievances, EEO processes and who can be notified of this issue also list some people in upper management so an employee does not feel they have to tell local management if it involves local management. Demonstrate that it is the employees responsibility to reports these event even if they dont involve them. Provide additional resources regarding sexual harassment and work to iterate that all actions taken within this policy are con fidential.Referencessexual harassment. (n.d.) Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. (2008). Retrieved February 16 2014 from http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sexual+harassment Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Retrieved February 16 2014 from http//www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/titlevii.cfm The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission N-915.048 1/12/90) Retrieved February 6 2014 from http//www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/sexualfavor.html The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission N-915.048 1/12/90) Retrieved February 6 2014 from http//www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/sexualfavor.html Employment Law for DeVry University VitalSouce bookshelf version. Retrieved from http//devry.vitalsource.com/books/9781256431671/id/ch11lev1sec1 Severe. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/severe Pervasive. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pervasive

SWOT, PEST and Porters 5 Forces Analysis of Virgin

SWOT, PEST and Porters 5 Forces Analysis of sodding(a) vestal mathematical assemblage was founded by Richard Branson. gross(a) group first started with a magazine c entirely(prenominal)ed student. This started in 70s and got capacious recognition in public. Then he opened a virtuous recording studio. In 80s perfect(a) troupe went on to international recognition. He hence started complete(a) Atlantic airways in 84. In the same year he started a 24 hour music channel which was a grand success. unadulterated entered in either kind of byplay by 90s. thither atomic come in 18 antithetic companies under virgin group like virgin lively, virgin airways, virgin holidays, virgin trains, cars, books etc. virgin group is the one of the top companies in UK. In rest of the countries it is giving a tough competition to other companies. refreshing has a different strategy and approach to the customers and it always succeeded in attracting the customers. Group produces different products and has entered into different fields in a actually short period. complete(a) has the advantage of its shit name name in the ticktacket as it is a comp all(prenominal) where most of the people are wary about the caller-up products. Richard Branson manager of the telephoner is the brand ambassador of the companion.History1968 Richard Bransons first magazine went on to publish. This is the first venture by the company manager.1970 In this year new get off order was born.1971 In this year virgins first record shop was opened in Oxford Street in London.1972 Virgin built a recording studio and composed the songs.1984 Company built Virgin Atlantic airways where the flights ran to all beautiful places.1985 Company started another offer to the customers like Virgin Holidays.1988 Virgin opened Mega stores in Glasgow, Paris and thence it spread to many other major cities.1991 In this year Virgin started selling books.1993 Virgin started radio station. It is the first nati onal and mer piece of asstile radio station in UK.1994 In this year Virgin entered into beverages and started Virgin Vodka and Virgin Cola.1995 Virgin launched cinemas in UK.1996 In this year Virgin started its Internet work to the customers.1997 Virgin entered into transportation indus exploit and started Virgin quetchs.1999 Virgin mobiles started and it changed the way of communication.2000 In this year Virgin started nine companies and all of them were successful.2007 Virgin entered into Indian market with its mobile. strategy of the companyVirgins first and obvious resource is the chairman Richard Branson that made the company to top position. Richard Bransons ardor and charismatic manner that attracts many people towards virgin group. second virgin people are the main(prenominal) source of the companys success. Virgin has a unique brand recognition in different affaires that is difficult to other companies to replicate.Virgin has many numbers of companies under its shadow . The management of virgin group has freedom to express their opinions regarding companys ongoing business and innovates new strategies for the company development. Virgins management is heavily depends on the market analysis and the customer requirements as they go into customer shoes and understand their needs and serve more better. Virgin has creative employees to serve the company better and it has 25000 employees all over the world.Richard Branson adopted a policy with his managers and encouraged their own creativity for initiative ideas so managers would feel more responsible and will reason and tries to make a change in the company strategy and make it to run on success and profits. forethought recruited carefully only some selected individuals who has the militant nature and good teamwork abilities and chairman Richard Branson has selected as they are of his image in characteristics.Brand StrategyBrand name or brand strategy is a process of attracting customers to buy a ne w product of its brand where brand has already got a market measure. Virgin has a great brand value in UK and all the products which are produced are sold under its brand. Branding allows a customer to buy repeatedly the product and it makes a loyal provider and the customer is also satisfied. Branding less than one name means more responsible to the supplier and trustworthy to supplier to supply the best products. selling the products under one brand doesnt need more advertisement costs and it gets good response in the beginning as the brand is familiar in the market and in that location are many number trusted customers to it already. There are even some threats to this brand strategy, if the product fails to attract the customers then it whitethorn put the brand into difficult position and it degrades the image of the brand.Virgin has a great brand value in the market that uses its name tag for all its products in advertising and releases into the market. Virgin has many produc ts in various fields under its brand name like in expire and tourism it has virgin travels, vacations etc. in leisure it has games, spa etc. In social welfare and environment it has green fund, virgin earth etc. In beverages it has virgin wines, soft drinks etc. In media it has virgin radio, music channels, mobiles, broadband, telecommunications etc. With all these it has some products like books, cloths, and finance and health bank. each its products has only one brand name and they are sold on virgin name for its brand value and good reputation.In virgin it provides two fibers of products, they are differentiated as convenience products and no requested products which have different types of customers and demand. In convenience products books, cosmetics, mobiles are available where all these products are convenient to buy for any type of customers. These products are bought frequently, immediately and with minimum affordable costs. The second type of products is no requested pr oducts like extra terrestrial travels where people doesnt tell apart about it or doesnt luff kindle in it. Virgin introduced an offer to travel space to its customers. Due to its cost and risks many were not interested to use the offer.Virgin believes in a couple of(prenominal)er prices in differentiated products where certain level of customers expects quality of products. Branson has managed to satisfy the customers with quality armed services and his products through out the world. Virgin brand mainly arduous on customers like young people who like innovative, quality, fun loving products.Corporate StructureThe structure of virgin group is different than other companies as the financial information is not slip away for this business. As it is a private company and it has different fields and different organizations and there are no reverse accounts, so financial structure of the company and its income and business statements are not available clearly. Branson told that th e group is loosely linked to each other and they are ego managed under one brand name. Branson also said that virgin is a group of private companies and not public limited company so it mustiness concentrate on benefit of shareholders, stakeholders and financiers. The advantage of this is the company targets only on the long term profits.Virgin group is mainly controlled by Richard and his trusted employees who are working for him since twenty years. In head office there are 30 people working and he has come apartn them freedom to work and mend the companys financial structure and he is there only to look after big deals and final strategy.The main strategy of the virgin is to work in different sectors of business under one brand name. Virgin has decentralized the organizational structure and decision making allows the managers to learn about business tactics and bandage avoiding large deal decision to the chairman. Virgin allows small companies to put its brand name as it gets international recognition and it would help company to pass on real easily. With this virgin is able to enjoy both the large scale and small scale companys profits and world wide recognition.Virgin has a centralized unit of measurement to look all its business strategies and manage all the companies under one desk at the head office. A single website www.virgin.com allows users to access all its products and services. It has a earnings business strategy which has coordination mingled with all the companies and they act according to the strategies coming from the head office. When a customer enters into virgin website he tramp access to all the products of virgin which are under one portal and if he uses any product then he becomes a member of virgin family and he can use other services like mobile, telecommunication, banking, transportation, internet needs, traveling, entertainment etc. In this it gains more number of customers like virgin mobile gets customers from virgin ra il records, virgin travel gets records from other virgin companies and so on. In this way other mobile companies cant get contact with rail customers or travel companies cannot contact to some unrelated company customers as they are unknown to them, but in virgin it have all types of customers and it can get in contact with all customers who are under them and this would help them increase the sale of there products.Strategic RelationshipsAll the companies in virgin run targeting towards a pentad pillar empire system that Richard was eager to create. According to Richard five pillars and heart of his business are travel, leisure, mobile phones, entertainment retailing and personal finance. Virgin wants to declare to all its customers by using prefix called fun, innovative, daring.It is already said that the main strategy of virgin is Sir Richard Branson. The Britain people can immediately identify the Sir Richard Branson name and his companies. This is the main psychological strat egy Richard has got and he actively participates in all marketing and promotion activities. This is the reason for the expansion of virgin empire and all other companies show interest to keep a joint venture with virgin group. There is a great demand for virgin and the example for this is actually for the virgin learn affair dressment was 15 million. But the AMP limited the leading international finance group initial investment was 450 million and it was 50-50 joint venture.All business in the virgin group sacrificed short term profits to gain long term growth and used an individual level business strategy of decision making method. Managers are given freedom to make decisions independently for the growth and feel the same as of ownership and the value that any manager would feel. The assets and finance matters are not shared between companies and if any company became too large any other company would take its place.Management Branson has taken few candidates who are having innov ative ideas and are willing to start new business with a strong desire to beat their competitor. Richard Branson has added his own style of management style and involved actively all the employees and asked for advices to further serving customers better. Employees were actively involved in behaving with there values and there performance was accountable. gentlemans gentleman resource management was responsible to keep people to the bonuses and profit sharing where ever possible they get promotions.Analytical ToolsPEST AnalysisPolitical factorsVirgin rail is running under single brand as it has confederation with stagecoach. Virgin has 51% share and stagecoach has 49% share in the market.Virgin follows all the rules and regulations of the country it is working in and it pays all taxes and makes policies according to the government rules.Virgin is Britains most trusted company and it has lot of customer following to its products and has a great influence and bonding relationship wi th the people of this country.The political interference in virgin group is regarding financial matters as the reports are not clear due to its partnerships with many companies.Economic factorsTo virgin most of the companies are running with partnerships and they are putting only to some extent of money and they expand their business.The spheric recession has lot of affect on its company, like closing down or losing jobs may have direct impact on its business strategy. mathematical operation levels are increased and taking particular attention to the competitive services regarding to customers.Fluctuations in the local and international market show the direct impact on the companys business strategy and may turn it into losses.Social factorsThe social responsibility of providing good quality services to its customers is its first priority. The company has a mission to give outstanding services to all its customers according to the economic conditions of the customer.Environmental c oncerns are increasing day by day. So company launched its first bio-diesel train in front than all other companies in Europe.Virgin has poor punctuality services which should be taken care and satisfy the customers by addressing on time.Virgin mobile has offered different offers to its customers according to the social conditions of the countrys situation.Technological factorsVirgin is one company which always tries to update its software or its technological knowledge and serve to its customers to a maximum extent.Virgin rail has always made updates in its technology or in its quality to its customers and made the trains run punctually without any technical mistakes.Virgin group always updates in providing internet services and technologies in it as wireless technology.Company policies also change according to the trend and interest of the customers.SWOT AnalysisStrengthsBrand name Virgin has a strong brand name in countries like UK, USA, and Australia. Name of its brand is enou gh to promote any product and make it grand success in the market. Products coming from virgin can survive in the market very easily and they can get good recognition and publicity without making more advertisement.Different types of dispersal Virgin has two different types of distribution units. First is to sell the products in retail stores and the second is to sell through online. Customers can use any of these services according to there comfortable levels. Both of these distribution units are retained by virgin group.Various processes to export Virgin has different methods of transportation facilities to export its products. It has international airports and two big seaports near to it for exporting its product.IT professionals It has highly apt software professionals who work with great commitment to give the best quality of service to its customers.High budget Virgin group has enough money to invest into any kind of business and it is earning huge profits every year for it s products and it is expanding to different countries every year.WeaknessesLoose supervision As virgin is a group of different companies and each field has its own managers, the supervision of the company is becoming hard for anyone and control goes out of hand sometimes.Communication gap There is a lot of communication gap between each company. Only the website to approach to the company is same but the communication between different sectors of business is very weak.Bad transportation There is a bad transportation facility and there is no punctuality in trains and other public transportation facilities where all these are affecting the company progress.Outdated machinery Some of the virgin products use outdated machines and these cause a great trouble to the customers and employees in it. For example virgin rails still need to update its version of trains and make it faster.OpportunitiesExpand to overseas Virgin has the opportunity to expand to overseas and make its market to gai n to more customers as it is a familiar product in many countries. Products like mobiles, airlines and media can be extended to any country very easily.Virgin could get better deals Virgin has the opportunity to get more deals from more countries as it is always ready to expand its business and it is ready to make partnership with any other company for its progress.Opportunities of training There are many opportunities for training for fresher and retraining to other individuals in the company. So that employer has the opportunity to know more about the company and on what project it is working exactly.Using high technology goods It has the opportunity to improve itself by improving its technology and exercising of new technologies in different sectors and making customer easy to understand about the services you offer.ThreatsThe success of virgin group mainly depends on the incorporated parenting strategy which is led by Richard Branson. It is sustained through its strategies if i t goes well in the market and gives competition to other companies.In the long run Branson has to put his episode ideas and strategies for the future tense running of business and they require implementing properly to reach the targets of the company.Virgin has to take care about its strong leadership for the future and the implementation of its company policies and strategies for the long run of the company by managing all the companies under it carefully.Porters 5 forcesIn porters five forces it discuss about the five factors where the running of a company depends and they are rivalry, supplier power, customer power, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants.Porters Five Forces ModelRivalryIn the market if the rivalry between two companies increases then it would result to zero profit permissivenesss. Companies try to overcome this and take competitive advantage and over their rivals. Rivalry can be caused due to various reasons and their make may decrease prices and somet imes companies need to put special offers to face the challenges. Rivalry between companies is due to the following reasonsLarge number of firms More number of firms produces same product then they compete for the sales of there goods to the same customers in a limited market place and this led to competition between companies.High fixed costs If the cost of product is high then customers switch to other companies and this would put in trouble so the companies has to put a price with a minimum profit margin.Market growth In this companies try to grow rapidly by attracting customers and they make plans for the expansion of there business. There would be a strong rivalry during this process as all the companies try to increase their market size.Threat of substitutesIn this model threat of substitutes quote to the same products producing by other companies and making competition. In this customers would easily switch to another product. So companies have price war and look for the low margin profits to attract existing and new customers.Buying powerThis refers to the power of buyers as it is mainly concerned with customers. There are some factors in this as the buyers are powerful and if the buyers are weak.Buyers are powerful when the customers are less in concentration compared to market share and he can purchase a fair share of output.Buyers are weak when the companies take over the distribution of products on their own or the producers supply distribution of input purchases.Supplier powerIn this it discuss about the power of supplier. Suppliers are powerful when there are more number of customers or when there are only few suppliers to the company.Suppliers are weak when more number of suppliers is there to supply the goods and when the less number of purchasers are available in the market.Threat of new entrantsIn this if any new company enters the market this would make huge competition in the market and new entrants threat to pose more danger as they try t o attract the customers and in this process they give lot of offers to the customers. In this it is easy to enter when there is huge demand for any product and lot of distribution channels. It is easy to exit when there are salable assets, low exit costs and independent businesses.Future of the companyVirgin has a lot of strategies for its future and Richard Branson is in the process to implement all these strategies. Virgin is preparedness to enter into more different sectors of business and to expand its business to other countries. Virgin is planning to open new businesses in partnership with any company to enter into new business and to other countries. It is planning to enter developing countries and make its mark there by giving more offers to all types of customers and increase their share in the market and their brand value.The virgin group as a business head had the following points where they value these.Understanding of markets Virgins management has a good experience in identifying the market situation. It is there expertise and business strategy which helped the company to achieve a lot of success in all business areas they entered.Brand name which overcame barriers to entry The virgin brand name is the Britains favorite brand and it is a respectable brand in other countries.Joint ventures virgin secret of success is joint ventures and they kept limited investment in new products and got benefits from this in market.Freedom to managers management is not restricted and the company helps in innovation and promotes shared partnership and responsibilities.Innovation Virgins staff has individuals who have succeeded in their careers and the group invites many people who invest in new innovations and differentiate.All these innovative ideas made virgin in top position and they have applied in there business and got huge success to their credit. For example virgin mobiles have partnership with other telecommunication groups and they gave offers such as l ess monthly rentals and cheaper prepay offers in all the places they entered. In UK virgin doesnt operate its own network but it won best wireless award in UK.ConclusionVirgin company has many ventures to launch. Virgin managed to increase their share in the market over the last 15 years. In last fifteen years there are lot of new ventures in Virgin and entered into different fields and launched its products in many countries.A strong brand name and good service to its customers makes Virgin Company to top position in future.BibliographyWilson and Gilligan (1998),Strategic Marketing Management,2ndedition, Butterwoth Heinemann, Oxford utilize Strategic Planning An Introduction by Timothy N. Nolan, Leonard D. Goodstein, and Jeanette GoodsteinApplied Strategic Planning How to Develop a Plan That Really Works A Comprehensive Guide by Leonard Goodstein, Timothy Nolan, and J. William Pfeiffer

Cinema as an instrument of Nationalism

Cinema as an instrument of patriotismCloaks in the colours of soil Cinema as an instrument of bailiwickismThe paper aims to highlight the role of cinema in constructing and reconstructing the areaalism of a narrate. In doing so the paper is divided into three parts. In the first part, I shall conceptualize the notions of provincealism and frequent culture with the help of academic sources and then shall try to formulate a link between these two concepts and shall analyse how these argon correlated. In the second chapter, I shall explain the role of cinema in constructing and reconstructing the beliefs, practices and objects associated with a popular culture and how these constructions and reconstructions are accepted into a nationalistic discourse. In the final section, to strengthen my previous debate I shall analyse two studys, one from India Dil Se (1998) and one from Yugoslavia Under landed estate (1995), to argue that cinema works as an instrument of nationalism through i ts de debilitys by influencing the consciousness of audiences and results in construction of a nation. Conceptualizing the link between Nationalism and pop CultureAndrew Vincent describes the nationalism as an ideology that makes national self-consciousness, ethnic or linguistic individuation into central planks of a doctrine which seeks political expression (Vincent, 2010227). The ethno-linguistic identities are elements of culture associated with a nation, therefore, the nation as an entity is a blend of culture and psycho political factors (Heywood, 2003 134). Therefore, nationalism has a link with the culture and to be more specific with popular culture. Popular culture has its roots in folk or popular beliefs, practices, and objects root in local traditions as well as mass beliefs, practices, and objects generated from political and commercialised centres (Mukerji Schudson, 1986 48). Sanjeev Kumar explains popular culture as a collective experience of a society that formula tes a symmetrical feeling of common tastes (Kumar, 2013458). These common tastes save overstep rise to political thoughts as many scholars believe that popular culture plays a crucial role in mobilizing political deed (Mukerji Schudson, 1986 47). This political action nominate be delimit as a projection of nationalistic feelings or nationalism.Ernest Gellner in his modernist theory on nationalism and nation asserted the enormousness of shared common culture in formulating the nationalism of a particular nation by eroding the rigid social structures and argued that nations are products of nationalism, and not vice versa (OLeary, 1997) (Walicki, 1998). A similar argument can be found in the constructivist perspective of nation that see nations as constructs (Walicki, 1998). Therefore, a nation is not a substance, precisely the product of a historical process, and a social, political and ethnical construct that represent the collects of a nation. The collective consciousness o f the nation is described as nationalism.It is important to note that it is not necessary that the beliefs that make up the rhetoric of nationalism are based on historical facts. As many scholars such(prenominal) as benedict Anderson, David Miller and Anthony D. Smith believes that misrepresentation of historical facts plays significant role in the constitution of nation building and thus national identity is often based on false or, worse still, intentionally misleading beliefs(Tamir, 1995). Cinema as an Instrument of NationalismIn almost every state there is a national cinema that makes films for the masses of that particular state (Walsh, 1996). To attract audiences these films are made by keeping in mind the popular culture of the masses. Cinema like other type of mass media carries meanings and symbols that not only represent beliefs, practices and objects of a particular popular culture associated with a nation, but also structure the process of nation building by influencing the popular culture through reconstruction of these beliefs, practices, and objects. Walsh (1996) characterizes these meanings and symbols as national imaginary. This process leaves an furbish up on the psyche of the audience and thus influence the collective consciousness of the nation- nationalism. Thus, Internalization of these meanings and symbols into discourse of nationalism happens through national cinema (Walsh, 1996).One look to perceive this phenomenon is through foc utilise on the identity politics of a nation. Identity is a sense of be to a particular group that can lead to the possibility of a nationhood. Through this identity individuals of a nation distinguish themselves from individuals of another nation. Thus the collective identity of a group is stipulated by distinguishing others as foreign. This process can also be utilized against the minority groups within a state. Sanjeev Kumar conceptualizes this as the practice of othering (Kumar, 2013). As he further highlights with the help of a case study of Indian cinema that cinema plays a vital role in offering Muslim minority.Cinema plays a dynamic role in identity formation by reconstructing the beliefs, practices and objects associated with a national identity. Therefore, a national imaginary is created in which just about meanings and symbols are promoted and some are subordinated to define identity Furthermore, cinema with its tools also define and reconstruct the geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of a nation. And these reconstructions are internalized through psychological effects on the collective consciousness of the masses. As Shohat and Stam (1994) with the help of psychoanalysis argue that cinema plays an importance role in acceptance of these recreated imaginary by efficiently mobilizeing bank in ways responsive to nationalized and imperialized notions of time, plot and history. Further, they argue that cinema homologize the nation because of collective consum ption by the masses and with the help of Benedict Andersons argument they declare that The nation of course is not a desiring person but a fictive unity imposed on an total of individuals, yet national histories are presented as if they displayed the continuity of the subject-writ-large (Shohat Stam, 1994).Dil Se (1998)This film attempts to revisit the ideological underpinnings of India after 50 years of independence. The film starts with two peak positions Indian nationalism and the nationalism of sub national entities. The protagonist, who is the program executive for All India Radio strolls through North East and Kashmir in an attempt to understand the rationale behind insurgencies and separatist movements in those regions and finds out that insurgents blame Indian government for the poverty and war machine personnel rights violations and thus justify their violent means to turn over independence. As being a patriotic Indian with a military background he is not convinced by the reasoning of the insurgents and is swayed that Pakistan is helping these movements. Meanwhile, he falls in love with a girl who is a terrorist in disguise and chases her throughout the film. The high point of the movie is the scene where the protagonist learns the original identity of his lover, who is going to attack the parade on the 50th anniversary of Republic Day, and confronts her and questions her motives. The girl reveals that she had been a rape victim in theKunan Poshpora incidentand that her soul seeks preservation through hersuicide attack on Republic Day. At this juncture, he replies to her you cannot kill innocent people because of the wrongdoing of some people.It is noteworthy that when this film was released, India was using brutal military force against pro-independence movements and was under much international noviceism. The film tries to limit the square question of pro-independence movements as an issue of governance rather than ideological, cultural or historical as the director makes the insurgents to say so in the beginning of the film. It also puts the responsibility on some people rather than Indian State thus the enemy is some people that exploit their position and force common Indian to pick the gun. This is misrepresentation of historical facts that I mentioned earlier. In addition, it also subordinates the notion of violence and promotes the notion of love as the suicide bomber girl chooses love over violence in the closing scene. Therefore, Indian identity is reconstructed by distinguishing individuals on this principal.This film also attempts to define geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of Indian nation by creating national imaginary. To define geographical boundaries the film portrays many locations such as Ladakh, Kashmir, North East, Delhi, Kerala and Bengal etc. Ideological boundaries are defined in term of the subject of the film as throughout the movie there is no mention or visualization of the reli gious origins of violence. Such as the religious identities of terrorists are not indicated. Even their anathema that they repeat throughout the film is secular in nature. Thus, this film emphasizes the secular nature of Indian nationalism. Cultural boundaries are defined in term of lyrics, medication and choreography that range from work of Bullay Shah to Mirza Ghalib and from South Indian exotic dance to gypsy dance on a moving train. In doing so the film gives the notion that despite insurgencies and separatist movements this whole sphere and its tastes constitute India and thus tries to evoke the sense of belonging to the land in audiences consciousness.Underground (1995)This film was produced during Balkan crisis of nineties during which the former republic of Yugoslavia exploded. The narrative and imaginary of the film indicates that the director Emir Kushturica is still stuck with the dream of the old republic of Yugoslavia as one film critic notes if growing up implies th e end of the past, there is no area in which Kushturica refuses to grow up. He refuses to believe that his homeland, the country formerly called Yugoslavia, no longer exists (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). Therefore, the whole effort of Kushturica is to project the notion of Yugoslavian nationhood on screen and tell the world what went wrong. He does so through historical and psychoanalytical devices in which he blends the history with the lives of main characters Marko and Blacky.The film goes through three eras World War 2, post-war reconstruction during Titos regime and Yugoslav wars. In the first part, the film promotes the idea of Brotherhood and Unity that was the official ideology of Yugoslavia and shows that how with this guiding principal Yugoslavs fought against Nazi power and succeeded. At this juncture, the director introduces enemy that is human desire for power rooted in the subconscious. The film further divides desire into two parts sexual desire and poisonous desire (Yar ovskaya, 1997-1998). The next chapter shows the struggle between conscious and subconscious through symbols. The main characters Marko and Blacky are symbols of the subconscious that wanted to grab power and the character of Natalija is a symbol for power. Marko is a symbol of sexual desire and Blacky is a symbol of destructive desire. During this struggle in order to get Natalija Marko makes other characters that are symbols of consciousness, and Blacky believe that war is still going on so they moldiness hide themselves in an underground cellar and produce guns for the resistance. The revolutionary meaning of underground is resistance and psychological meaning is collective consciousness (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). On ground level the film portrays the corrupt regime of Tito that grows out of power seeking subconscious. In this regime Marko is right hand man of Tito and an arms dealer.After the death of Tito Yugoslavia starts to disintegrate and soon civil war erupts. Meanwhile, char acters that are symbols of collective consciousness come out of hiding and see ruins of their dream by the hand of symbols of the subconscious. Disheartened, some characters commit suicide and others resort themselves to a parallel Yugoslavia that is shown through a sequence of underground tunnels that is inhabited by refugees, Yugoslav warriors and UN peacekeepers. The character of Blacky that is the symbol for destructive desire becomes a warlord and contribute to the Civil war. Therefore, with this film Emir Kushturica tries to promote the guiding principle of Brotherhood and Unity that helped Yugoslavs to win the war, but soon the human desire for power changed the whole Yugoslav society and it became unrecognizable by the time of death of Tito. After the death of Tito destructive desire was unleashed and thus resulted in the Yugoslav Wars. ConclusionTherefore, it is argued that cinema construct and restructure the notion of identity of a nation and define and reconstruct the ge ographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of a nation through the creation of national imaginary and influence masses by mobilizing desire of nationhood and thus results in homologizing a nation. As a result, cinema works as an instrument of nationalism through its devices by influencing the consciousness of audiences. The analysis of two films strengthen this argument. The first film Dil Se not only justifies military operations against insurgents through misrepresentation of historical facts but also portrays insurgents as murderers of innocent people. This film also attempts to reconstruct Indian identity by rate the notion of violence and promoting the notion of love. It also attempts to define geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of Indian nation by creating national imaginary and tries to evoke sense of belonging to land in audiences consciousness.The other film, Underground, promotes and justifies the idea of Yugoslavian nationhood by showing Yugoslav resi stance against Nazi Germany. It also attempts to explain the breakup of Yugoslavia by putt all the responsibility on power seeking desire of humans rather than on republic, thus it evokes the desire of belonging to old republic of Yugoslavia in audiences consciousness.BibliographyHeywood, A. (2003). governmental Ideologies An Introduction. New York Palgrave Macmillan.Mukerji, Chandra Schudson, Michael. (1986). Popular Culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 1247-66.OLeary, Brendan. (1997). On the Nature of Nationalism An Appraisal of Ernest Gellners Writings on Nationalism. British Journal of Political Science, 27(2) 91-222.Ringmar, E. (1998). Nationalism The Idiocy of Intimacy. The British Journal of Sociology, 49(4) 534-549.Shohat, Ella Stam, Robert, (1994). Unthinking Eurocentrism Multiculturalism and the Media. New York Routledge.Tamir, Yael. (1995). The Enigma of Nationalism (Review of the Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson Five Roads to Modernity by LIah Greenfeld Natio nal Identity by Anthony D. Smith). World Politics, 47(3) 418-440..Vincent, A. (2010). Modern Political Ideologies. West Sussex Wiley.Walicki, Andrzej. (1998). Ernest Gellner and the Constructivist Theory of Nation. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 22 611-619Walsh, Michael. (1996). National Cinema, National Imaginary Film History, 8(1) 5-17.Yarovskaya, Marianna. (1997-1998). Underground by Emir Kushturica Pierre Spengler (Review of the Underground by Emir Kushturica). Film Quarterly, 51(2) 50-54.

Comparing the Stars of Bright Star and Choose Something Like a Star Ess

Comparing the Stars of  gleaming Star and Choose Something Like a Star           Keats Bright Star and Frosts Choose Something Like a Star although similar in their address to a mastermind differ in form, tone and theme. The latter contains an misrepresentation to the former that brings Keats themes into the poem. In order to compare these poems it is necessary to look carefully at their themes and constructions. Bright Star is a sonnet in traditional iambic pentameter. Its tone is elegiac as it celebrates the womans beauty and his love for her in his plea for steadfastness. The poem opens with an apostrophe to the jumper lead which calls our attention to his plea. The verbs would and were indicate his wish to be like the star whom he addresses as thou. The star is hung in the night, a pleasant image, and he uses a simile to compare it with Eremite, a hermit, who presumably sat apart from the gentlemans gentleman watching. The eyel ids of this star (the star is given anthropomorphic qualities) are eternally apart -- always watching, patiently and sleeplessly. Keats then enumerates what this star watches. It watches water -- which is also steadfast as indicated by the comparison priest-like. The waters that surround the land Keats says are performing ablutions or cleansings and blessings on the land. The star also gazes upon the snow. He uses the metaphor of snow as a mask (more personification) as it hides the mountains and moors. The m alliteration emphasizes the falling of the snow. The repetition of of underlines the parallel structure and idea of the two scenes the star regards. The rhythm of this 2nd quatrain is loosen up and peaceful like the scene. Then Keats puts a No -- w... ...t not only continues the poetic tradition but adds all the depth of meaning of Keats poem to his own. The star doesnt want much of us -- only to stay above us. He says that when the mob is swayed or when social, political, o r moral upheaval takes place and the norm is to be radical, the star likes being above it all, condescendingly regarding the earth. When this happens, we should choose something like a star and concentrate on it. In the final line the similarity between stay and staid emphasizes that we must emulate the star in being constant and moderate while society may revolve around us in social or political turmoil. This staidness is our key to survival like the stars. Therefore, one can see that these poems although similar in their title and primaeval image of the star differ in their themes, form and treatment of the authors ideas.  

Security Versus Privacy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive essays

Security Versus PrivacyAs a result of 9/11, our country has been faced with a recent issue electronic privacy. The terrorists that attacked us used our own technology against us to protect their activities from our view. Because of this, we are now forced to make a decision mingled with devil desirable things privacy and national security. On the one hand, our right to privacy will ensure that our personal rights are not violated, whereas, on the an another(prenominal)(prenominal) hand, national security would allow us some comfort against the evil in the world. What are we supposed to do? This issue, however it is decided, will have terrible impact on each and every one of our lives. The ruling that the government makes concerning this issue will greatly alter the course of our nation and our lives. Our world female genitalia either offer complete privacy, which will protect even the criminals from sight, or it will be a closely monitored space that almost completely eliminate s our rights as a free person. Now, it is very unlikely, however, that the world will reach one of these two extremes. A quote from The Economist says it well. Amidst all this sound and fury, both sides assume to consider the fundamental question in light of the attack, where must the balancing point between security and liberty be set (The Economist). It does not seem viable to stray to either extreme. Instead, these two issues are dependent on each other. Therefore, our country must seek to find a balance between the two extremes. The government will, however, end up favoring one idea over the other, and that is the crucial part. Their decision will forever change the way people use technology, for personal, business, and other uses.There are currently a few main solutions pertaining to th... ....Bill of Rights. n.d. Cornell Law School. 30 March 2002. Brown, Jason. Personal interview (MOO Lecture). 4 April 2002.Economist. 29 family 2001. 27 February 2002 Electronic Frontier F oundation. n.d. 29 March 2002 Grier, Peter. ?Fragile Freedoms.? Christian Science Monitor 13 December 2001. 29 March 2001 Knouse, Lois E. Personal interview. 11 April 2002.Leahy, Patrick. Statement Of Senator Patrick Leahy. 25 October 2001. U.S. Senate. 27 February 2002 McCullagh, Declan. ?Congress Mulls Stiff Crypto Laws.? Wired Magazine 13 September 2001. 29 March 2002